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Chapter II ~ The place of miracles. The Old Guard. El Fuerte and Los Cerrillos del Pilar.

n U religious event of significance which is known within the territory of what is now the party of Pilar, was the one that occurred in 1630 at the residence of D. Rosendo Diego Trigueros in the vicinity of the Luján River, when it happened the miracle of the wagons that moved including two images in bulk.

One of the carts that carried the pictures were detained and accidentally walking through the work of a force mysterious than anything they could against the two yoke of oxen were dragging . is lowered and the cart went blank, were re-upload the images and the cart was frozen again, tried to prove leaving the wagon and could walk.

The first story about the miracle belongs to RP Pedro Nolasco de Santamaria and was written in 1737. In their relationship, adapted to modern writing, consider this Priest: "certify that I have heard the dead my father, my grandmother and others of payment" [...] "a Portuguese, a resident of Cordova, who founded the ranch Sumampa, asked a fellow countryman bring him Brazil a small image of the Conception, to place in a chapel, he was making in that his property, and that this commission will at once sent two, which encased in their cart loaded.

; Our Lady of Sumampa Virgen de Lujan in its original texture

The trip from the port of Buenos Aires was accomplished smoothly to the Luján River, near which Portuguese became night owner of the Image. The site chosen was the residence of a Portuguese "a fellow countryman Rosendo So-called."

"Wanting to continue his journey, yoked oxen in the morning, could not move the cart, for whose sake I went to download, and then moved the cattle without any difficulty, and admired all This prodigy was asked what had been in charge, there had been downloaded, that would be of hindrance to your journey, and he replied that he had no disability thing before him two pictures to give worship, and determined they embarked on the two bogie mounted drawers of Images; hiciesen and walk the cart, and were found with the disability first, which began to exclaim the devout Portuguese the Blessed Virgin knew the effect that, for the wearing, it was to place in the chapel he had built in his name, and persuading him to sacase a drawer and leave the other, tried to walk the cart, and could not be moved from its place, again do the diligence to make the drawer, which had been and load that had fallen, and then moved the cart, without hindrance, being the owner very happy with the picture which was, leaving the other in a place where you want to get showed.

In this place, today Villa Rosa, Pilar, remains to be many years one of these replicas enthroned in a chapel in the custody of a poor black slave named Manuel, where the villagers came to offer his devotion.

According to the story of the Virgin of Luján remained there until 1671, the year when the holy image was acquired by Da. Ana de Matos, who moved to his home located in the present town of Luján. Transfer of the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception , named in those days, we have the testimony of Philip Jose Maqueda RP "... as the distance was long, not less than five English leagues, it was not possible to reach those of procession on the same day, so late at night all season did Old Guard was in the land of Pedro Rodríguez Flores "[...]" at sunrise, they continued the march with troops to guard reach the house of the said lady " (12) .

Indeed parishioners took the high road or the old and the caravan stopped at the guard, who was installed in the zone which subsequently form a small hamlet known as "Old Pilar." Let's place the call today at Km 57, Route 8 and access as an additional reference Pan (13) .

In 1663 Governor José Martínez de Salazar had had to close this border crossing, the reason that led many researchers confuse with that in the Paso de las Carretas (14) , near the new road, now Route 7, and near the place where years later he would raise the town of Luján. However, the facts show that this old trail was still used to communicate with other villages in the countryside of Buenos Aires and the provinces of Santa Fe and Cordoba.

The order to close down the old road and have all traffic to the north to travel through the new road was designed to better control and surveillance of smuggling routes. The provision contained a warning of severe penalties applying customs in its absence, but the order was disobeyed mainly smuggled by merchants.

The bridge allowed to cross the river Lujan was also a must for those people who had their stays in the neighborhood and the explanation of the fort built years after the Conception a few hundred meters from the other Luján River band, further reaffirms the assumption that traffic through this access was not interrupted and have been was momentary.

Some writers claim that the soldiers guarding the guards were Aragon, we have not heard of them but it is quite possible that this assumption is true, as some of the people living in Old Pillar had been born in that English region. The discovery of the Old Guard rule out the theory of those who say that these people came from the Fuerte de la Concepción, whose construction was thwarted after the mounds of earth raised to start this strength.

The work site of the fort began after November 1671, after Governor Martínez de Salazar, a veteran of European warfare, recognize, chose the site and available to draw the lines and open ditches, thus start to dig and remove soil from the pits with five hundred Indian Guaraní of the Paraná and Uruguay doctrines that were in charge of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. Started four months of work they were interrupted and no proof of its continuation.

A year later, on December 8, 1672, Salazar concerned about continued invasions of the Indians who attacked, killed and robbed the English settlers living in the campaign, the King of Spain sent a report on whether to build a fort on the site for defense and security as well understood that the site chosen was a point strategy to prevent the Indian plains and over any enemy invasion Luján cross the river and move towards the port of Buenos Aires.

Indeed the field master Martínez de Salazar preventing a possible attack and occupation of the city of Buenos Aires by foreign forces and therefore avoid at all costs the attacker can obtain resources inland area and make contact with the Indians and mountain plains, "as long as those who cause damage to the English would not hesitate to suspend their conflict and alliance with the foreign enemy, deemed necessary to organize the defense in domestic routes, for which notice to wisdom that the best vantage point is on the left bank of the River Luján, in proximity of the road to Córdoba del Tucumán, where he could receive reinforcements and Santa Fe and Paraguay. So the river would be a major obstacle to progress and penetration of invasive difficult contact with the hostile Indians to the English, and won over all kinds of Salazar's men would come to meet, concentrating on the "corner or bay that forms the ground with the Paraná over 8 or 10 miles, while the fortress, and contain the foreign invader taking advantage of the obstacle river would contribute to the rejection of highland Indians from the west, preventing contact with the invaders.

Clearly, the strength of Pilar, armed and garnished in order, should be a reliable barrier against any invader that from Buenos Aires, trying to force the pace, and as he closed all the way to food supplies, such an army would be confronted with many difficulties to survive, was forced to re-embark on a fixed period.

It must be noted that this occurs in the year 1671, ie at a time when there was not any population center on that site, since the first references to the location of the original Pilar population correspond to the early eighteenth century. In addition, Martinez de Salazar called his project "Provision for plactic and Fort St. María de la Concepción Luján River, ten miles from the Port of Buenos Aires for purposes that are contained in the speech history. " We, therefore, that there is no agreement in the name of the Virgin which are devoted, respectively, the fort and chapel, so immediate to each particular, but between the origin of which half is obviously a rather time interval important.

The contemporary believing in the fort and the chapel or induce people to think strategically in a wrong conception as to the location of the fort, as the population and strong was the river, which the obstacle represented by the stream had been a further obstacle to the defender to the attacker.

Salazar to carry out the work said that 150 Indian troops would be needed for the duration of the work, which considers one year term, with less than Indians and then be improved and refined. Maloqueándolos get these Indians thought of and brought them out of the Pampas, since they could never be reduced, or indoctrinated, or meeting people, stressing that his support would involve little expense, given the abundance of cattle, their main food. The Indians would be divided into 5 teams of 30 each, by a "reformed" and 4 soldiers charged with their care and distribution of food and work. Each of these bodies would be responsible for a curtain, and a bulwark with mud and cattle required for the pile of earth from the walls of the pit and transport to landfills thereby simultaneously work on the fortification of five parts different (15).

The width of the trench would be 45 or 50 feet (about 12.5 or 14 m .) 15 feet deep (about 4.20 m .), And the central ditch of the moat, 10 feet wide and 10 deep (about 2.80 by 2.80 m ., Respectively, considering the old foot Castilla 28 cm. More or less). The falsabraga or low wall built before the primary, would have a width from the bottom of the wall to the curb of the parapet, 15 feet (4.20 m .) Sidewalk 3 feet (about 85 cm.) per foot and a half ( 0.42 cm.) tall, width and height of the parapet, 5 feet (1.40 m .), etc. The thickness of the wall would 30 feet (about 8.40 m .) by 15 tall (4.20 m .). Barracks, guard and warehouses would be leaning against the inner wall (15).

Consequently, the fort would have five bastions, each with two or three embrasures for artillery in each of the strong , and one in each across. It would take a master blacksmith, a master and two officers of masonry, two teachers and two cabinet officers to the various works of the fort, Martínez de Salazar suggests dispatched from Spain, included among the soldiers manning, since there in Lima and Chile are very difficult to bring and seek to win five dollars besides teachers and three officers "while in the case of soldiers with something to add to their salaries would work happy and will be effective as experience has shown in the works they have done. "In terms of tools, said it will take 500 hoes, 500 shovels and 250 Picaraña (15).

Letters sent by Salazar had no response, time passes and the building but were not performed as a vestige five mounds were the remnants excavation and removal of the embankments, which have disappeared in the rough have been used years ago to build the country's Javier Bargalló.

This deposit is well documented. Pedro Lozano, member of the Society of Jesus, wrote by 1750 " ... that the 500 soldiers stationed brought by Salazar and Luján River, a distance of ten leagues from the port, remained the last two months of 1671 and the first two the next, ensuring those places against floods of barbarians, who, seeing his designs penetrated withdrew their asylum common land and stopped the threat by land and water ... " (16) .

Félix de Azara also speaks of the strong and has to have visited this city in Pilar. So states: "They chose the site, now called Los Cerrillos, and built the fort walls with a moat, the ruins I've seen" (17) .

This place is known by the name "Los Cerrillos del Pilar", is very close to Route 8 (km 61) and the access leading to the town of Manzanares. The rails Ferrocarril General Urquiza divided at its middle where it was thought the site to build the fort, the bumps, called "Cerrillos" A, B and C, before its destruction, were to the north and the D and E to the south (see map ). A short distance runs the Luján River, on whose left bank and about 250 meters the Urquiza railway railway bridge were five small hills of the projected strong.

In the years 1968 and 1969, students of the Seminar American Archaeology and other technical areas of research, led by Chief Petty Officer (RE) Osvaldo Chiri, BA in Anthropology, supported by other teachers, colleagues and teaching assistants, conducted excavations at the site found fragments of animal bones, probably cattle, some with signs of chipping were undoubtedly food waste workers and indigenous pottery sherds and Talavera de la Reina XVI century, of European manufacture evident. Other skeletal remains found belonged to horses and some teeth attributable to dogs. This latter finding was important because prior to the arrival of the English non- dogs were Indians in this area of \u200b\u200bthe country, so that all traces of this type involves categorically parahispánico or post-Hispanic settlement, as determined by the remains of cattle or horses (18).

the mound in 1969 "A" had been virtually demolished leaving only the core with the roots a ombú on top, widen about 3 meters relative to the ground surface. Bulldozers showed no mercy and sweeping sigueron other mounds, thus destroying a historic monument, a relic of our colonial past five hills witnessed the birth of the people Pillar new and old who had been for 300 years and were erased in a moment of history.

Bibliography, documentation consulted and notes.

12 .- Dams, Juan Antonio "Nuestra Señora in Luján and Sumampa" Critical-Historical Study, 1630-1730, Morón, 1974.
Dams, Juan Antonio "Our Lady of Luján, La Estancia del Milagro" Critical-Historical Study, Morón, 1977.
Dams, Juan Antonio "Annals of Our Lady of Luján" Labour History - Documentary, 1630 - 1987, pp. 17 to 20.
Dams, Juan Antonio "History of Our Lady of Luján, 1630 - 1988, Morón, 1988.
Dams, Juan Antonio - Beliera, Aldo Abel "The Miracle Ranch -1630 -" Moron, 1994. In various passages of the works cited may be the story of RP Pedro Nolasco de Santamaria and the relationship of Fr. José Felipe Maqueda made in the years 1737 and 1812.
The finding Old Guard of was a discovery of the author of this paper, certificate and later published by Bishop Juan Antonio Dams in "Dona Ana de Matos - The lady who founded the Virgin Luján, Morón, 1990, pp. 33-35.
Duplicate surveying 3, 10 and 12 of Moreno and No. 26 of General Rodriguez, yield much data about the former owners of land adjoining the guard and can be seen that in the late eighteenth century, a descendant of the same name Pedro Rodríguez Flores, still had 1,500 yards in front of the Conchas River, with a depth of 15,000 yards, adjoining the estate of Lee, after Roque Cain, Carabassa, etc., Pilar's game.
Geodesy 13 .- Management of the Province of Buenos Aires, Consultancy and Research Historical Mapping, surveying duplicates of 29 and 61 of the Party of Pilar.
14 .- Management of Geodesy, surveying 65 of the duplicate of Luján.

15 .- History la Nación Argentina (from the beginning to the final organization in 1862) Board of History and Numismatics, directed by Ricardo Levene. Volume III. pp. 311 to 313.

16 .- Dams, Juan Antonio Our Lady Lujan, "Critical Study - Historical 1630 - 1730, Buenos Aires, 1980, pp. 181, 182, 242, 243.
Supplement newspaper" La Nación ", Friday May 15, 1987.
17 .- Dams Juan Antonio "Our Lady of Luján", op. cit., p. 183.

18 .- Los Cerrillos del Pilar. Test of Historical Archaeology. S. E. MA Buenos Aires 1975.

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